Footnotes

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1. http://www.injersey.com/Education/NJDOE/01intro.html -- Back

2. Ibid., -- Back

3. Ibid., -- Back

4. Ibid., -- Back

5. http://www.injersey.com/Education/NJDOE/10scistan5_11.html -- Back

6. http://www.injersey.com/Education/NJDOE/ -- Back

7. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/html p.2 -- Back

8. For more information and lots of photos of Local Group Members see http://www.seds.org/messier/more/local.html and http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/lib/local_group.html -- Back

9. http://violet.pha.jhu.edu/~wpb/scale.html -- Back

10. Wilson, 1997 p.95 -- Back

11. http://sim.jpl.nasa.gov/science/parallax.html -- Back

12. For more information on a typical spiral galaxy see http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/m/m031.html -- Back

13. For more information on a typical elliptical galaxy see http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/m/m032.html -- Back

14. For more information on a typical barred spiral galaxy see http://www.eia.brad.ac.uk/btl/gy9.html -- Back

15. Kauffman, 1994 p.338 -- Back

17. For an excellent discussion of light as electromagnetic radiation and what we can learn from it see http://violet.pha.jhu.edu/~wpb/spectroscopy/spec_home.html -- Back

21. For further discussion, on how this discovery was made, see later lessons on the expanding universe. -- Back

22. The speed of light is 3 X 10⁸ m/s, The value of the Hubble Constant however is still a topic of current debate, but for the purposes of these exercises use the value 50 km s^-1 Mpc^-1 -- Back

23. http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/hrtemp/96-22a.jpg -- Back

24. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/supernovae.html -- Back

25. Kauffman, 1994 p.527 -- Back

26. Shu, 1982 p.286 -- Back

27. Trimble, Virginia. "The 1920 Shapley-Curtis Discussion: Background, Issues, and Aftermath" Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 107: 1133-1144, 1995 December -- Back

28. http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/hub_1929.html -- Back

29. http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/m/m023.html -- Back

30. Ibid., -- Back

31. This idea was obtained through discussion with Neil Tyson, Visiting Lecturer of Astrophysics at Princeton University, who attributed the idea to Steve Soter at the American Museum of Natural History. -- Back

32. This idea was obtained through discussion with David Spergel, Professor of Astrophysics at Princeton University. -- Back

33. Thanks to Neil Cornish for hypertri.ps. -- Back

35. (Riess, Adam G., Kirshner, Robert P., et all ApJ, 1998) astro-ph 9810291 http://xxx.lanl.gov/format/astro-ph/9810291 -- Back

36. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question6.html -- Back

37. http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEphoto/LEgallery.html -- Back

38. Thurston, 1997 p. 51 -- Back

39. http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/phs/einstein_tongue -- Back

40. http://hermes.astro.washington.edu/mirrors/nineplanets -- Back

50. http://www.seds.org/billa/dssm/m31.html -- Back

51. http://www.seds.org/messier/large/m31.gif -- Back

52. http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/mw/allsky.html -- Back

53. http://spaceart.com/solar/cap/misc/ss.htm -- Back

54. Image was modified from its original STScI Digitized Sky Survey format. -- Back